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最高人民法院關于依法妥善審理涉新冠肺炎疫情民事案件若干問題的指導意見（一）

一、充分發(fā)揮司法服務保障作用。各級人民法院要充分認識此次疫情對經(jīng)濟社會產(chǎn)生的重大影響，立足統(tǒng)籌推進疫情防控和經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展工作大局，充分發(fā)揮司法調(diào)節(jié)社會關系的作用，積極參與訴源治理，堅持把非訴訟糾紛解決機制挺在前面，堅持調(diào)解優(yōu)先，積極引導當事人協(xié)商和解、共擔風險、共渡難關，切實把矛盾解決在萌芽狀態(tài)、化解在基層。在涉疫情民事案件審理過程中，根據(jù)案件實際情況，準確適用法律，平衡各方利益，保護當事人合法權益，服務經(jīng)濟社會發(fā)展，實現(xiàn)法律效果與社會效果的統(tǒng)一。

二、依法準確適用不可抗力規(guī)則。人民法院審理涉疫情民事案件，要準確適用不可抗力的具體規(guī)定，嚴格把握適用條件。對于受疫情或者疫情防控措施直接影響而產(chǎn)生的民事糾紛，符合不可抗力法定要件的，適用《中華人民共和國民法總則》第一百八十條、《中華人民共和國合同法》第一百一十七條和第一百一十八條等規(guī)定妥善處理；其他法律、行政法規(guī)另有規(guī)定的，依照其規(guī)定。當事人主張適用不可抗力部分或者全部免責的，應當就不可抗力直接導致民事義務部分或者全部不能履行的事實承擔舉證責任。

三、依法妥善審理合同糾紛案件。受疫情或者疫情防控措施直接影響而產(chǎn)生的合同糾紛案件，除當事人另有約定外，在適用法律時，應當綜合考量疫情對不同地區(qū)、不同行業(yè)、不同案件的影響，準確把握疫情或者疫情防控措施與合同不能履行之間的因果關系和原因力大小，按照以下規(guī)則處理：

（一）疫情或者疫情防控措施直接導致合同不能履行的，依法適用不可抗力的規(guī)定，根據(jù)疫情或者疫情防控措施的影響程度部分或者全部免除責任。當事人對于合同不能履行或者損失擴大有可歸責事由的，應當依法承擔相應責任。因疫情或者疫情防控措施不能履行合同義務，當事人主張其盡到及時通知義務的，應當承擔相應舉證責任。

（二）疫情或者疫情防控措施僅導致合同履行困難的，當事人可以重新協(xié)商；能夠繼續(xù)履行的，人民法院應當切實加強調(diào)解工作，積極引導當事人繼續(xù)履行。當事人以合同履行困難為由請求解除合同的，人民法院不予支持。繼續(xù)履行合同對于一方當事人明顯不公平，其請求變更合同履行期限、履行方式、價款數(shù)額等的，人民法院應當結合案件實際情況決定是否予以支持。合同依法變更后，當事人仍然主張部分或者全部免除責任的，人民法院不予支持。因疫情或者疫情防控措施導致合同目的不能實現(xiàn)，當事人請求解除合同的，人民法院應予支持。

（三）當事人存在因疫情或者疫情防控措施得到政府部門補貼資助、稅費減免或者他人資助、債務減免等情形的，人民法院可以作為認定合同能否繼續(xù)履行等案件事實的參考因素。

四、依法處理勞動爭議案件。加強與政府及有關部門的協(xié)調(diào)，支持用人單位在疫情防控期間依法依規(guī)采用靈活工作方式。審理涉疫情勞動爭議案件時，要準確適用《中華人民共和國勞動法》第二十六條、《中華人民共和國勞動合同法》第四十條等規(guī)定。用人單位僅以勞動者是新冠肺炎確診患者、疑似新冠肺炎患者、無癥狀感染者、被依法隔離人員或者勞動者來自疫情相對嚴重的地區(qū)為由主張解除勞動關系的，人民法院不予支持。就相關勞動爭議案件的處理，應當正確理解和參照適用國務院有關行政主管部門以及省級人民政府等制定的在疫情防控期間妥善處理勞動關系的政策文件。

五、依法適用懲罰性賠償。經(jīng)營者在經(jīng)營口罩、護目鏡、防護服、消毒液等防疫物品以及食品、藥品時，存在《中華人民共和國消費者權益保護法》第五十五條、《中華人民共和國食品安全法》第一百四十八條第二款、《中華人民共和國藥品管理法》第一百四十四條第三款、《最高人民法院關于審理食品藥品糾紛案件適用法律若干問題的規(guī)定》第十五條規(guī)定情形，消費者主張依法適用懲罰性賠償?shù)模嗣穹ㄔ簯柚С帧?br/>

六、依法中止訴訟時效。在訴訟時效期間的最后六個月內(nèi)，因疫情或者疫情防控措施不能行使請求權，權利人依據(jù)《中華人民共和國民法總則》第一百九十四條第一款第一項規(guī)定主張訴訟時效中止的，人民法院應予支持。

七、依法順延訴訟期間。因疫情或者疫情防控措施耽誤法律規(guī)定或者人民法院指定的訴訟期限，當事人根據(jù)《中華人民共和國民事訴訟法》第八十三條規(guī)定申請順延期限的，人民法院應當根據(jù)疫情形勢以及當事人提供的證據(jù)情況綜合考慮是否準許，依法保護當事人訴訟權利。當事人系新冠肺炎確診患者、疑似新冠肺炎患者、無癥狀感染者以及相關密切接觸者，在被依法隔離期間訴訟期限屆滿，根據(jù)該條規(guī)定申請順延期限的，人民法院應予準許。

八、加大司法救助力度。對于受疫情影響經(jīng)濟上確有困難的當事人申請免交、減交或者緩交訴訟費用的，人民法院應當依法審查并及時作出相應決定。對于確實需要進行司法救助的訴訟參加人，要依據(jù)其申請，及時采取救助措施。

九、靈活采取保全措施。對于受疫情影響陷入困境的企業(yè)特別是中小微企業(yè)、個體工商戶，可以采取靈活的訴訟財產(chǎn)保全措施或者財產(chǎn)保全擔保方式，切實減輕企業(yè)負擔，助力企業(yè)復工復產(chǎn)。

十、切實保障法律適用統(tǒng)一。各級人民法院要加強涉疫情民事案件審判工作的指導和監(jiān)督，充分發(fā)揮專業(yè)法官會議、審判委員會的作用，涉及重大、疑難、復雜案件的法律適用問題，應當及時提交審判委員會討論決定。上級人民法院應當通過發(fā)布典型案例等方式加強對下級人民法院的指導，確保裁判標準統(tǒng)一。

Guiding Opinions of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues Concerning Properly  Handling of Civil Cases Involving COVID 19 Epidemic In accordance with the Law (I)

In order to implement the spirit of the CCP Central Committee's meeting on the overall promotion of prevention and control of COVID 19 epidemic and economic and social development, to properly handle  civil cases involving  COVID 19 epidemic in accordance with the law, to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the people , and to maintain social and economic order as well as social fairness and justice, taking into account trial practice experience, the SPC has put forward the following guiding opinions in accordance with the relevant provisions of laws and judicial interpretations.

First. Giving full play to the role of judicial safeguard

The people's courts at all levels should be fully aware of the major impact of the epidemic on the economy and society, Based on the overall situation of promoting epidemic prevention and control and economic and social development, give full play to the role of justice in regulating social relations, actively participate in the governance of litigation sources, adhere to the alternative dispute resolution mechanism in the front, adhere to the priority of mediation, actively guide the parties to negotiate and settle disputes, share risks and tide over difficulties, and effectively resolve disputes in the bud and at the grassroots level. In hearing civil cases involving epidemic situations, the people’ courts shall accurately apply the law  according to the actual situation of the cases,balancing the interests of all parties, protecting the legitimate rights and interests of the parties, serving the economic and social development and fulfilling the unification of legal effect and social effect.

Second. Accurate application of force majeure rules in accordance with the law

When hearing civil cases involving COVID 19 epidemic situations, the people's courts should accurately apply the specific provisions of force majeure and apply them in strict manner. For civil disputes directly affected by the epidemic situation or epidemic prevention and control measures that meet the legal requirements of force majeure, Article 180 of the General Provisions of the Civil Law of PRC and Articles 117 and 118 of the Contract Law of PRC shall be applied. Where it has been otherwise provided under other laws and administrative regulations , such other provisions shall prevail. If a party wishes to partly or wholly exempt its liability based on force majeure, it shall bear the burden of proof to prove that the failure to perform its duties was partly or wholly due to force majeure. 

Three. Proper handing of contract disputes in accordance with the law

Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, in cases of contract disputes directly affected by the epidemic situation or epidemic prevention and control measures, when applying the law , the impact of the epidemic situation on different regions, different industries and different cases shall be comprehensively considered, the causal relationship and cause force between the epidemic situation or epidemic prevention and control measures and the failure to perform the contract shall be accurately determined , and the following rules shall be followed: 

(a) if the epidemic situation or epidemic prevention and control measures directly lead to the failure to perform contract, the provisions of force majeure shall be applied in accordance with the law to partially or wholly exempt the liabilities to the extent affected  the epidemic situation or epidemic prevention and control measures. If the parties have attributable reasons for the failure to perform the contract or the exaggeration of losses, they shall bear  responsibilities according to law. If a party can not  perform its contractual obligations due to the epidemic situation or epidemic prevention and control measures and claims that it has fulfilled its duty of timely notification, he/ she shall bear the corresponding burden of proof. 

(b) if the epidemic situation or epidemic prevention and control measures only lead to difficulties in the performance of the contract, the parties may renegotiate; If the contract is capable of being continued, the people's court shall earnestly strengthen the mediation and actively guide the parties to continue to perform the contract. If a party requests to terminate the contract on the grounds of difficulties in performing the contract, the people's court will not support it. If continuing to perform the contract is obviously unfair to one party, and if the party requests to alter the contract performance period, performance method, price amount, etc., the people's court shall decide whether to support it according to the actual situation of the case. If after the contract is altered according to law, the parties still claim partial or complete exemption from liability, the people's court will not support such claim. The people's court shall support the request of the parties to terminate the contract if the purpose of the contract cannot be realized due to the epidemic situation or epidemic prevention and control measures. 

(c) If the parties concerned have received subsidies from government departments, tax relief or subsidies from others, debt relief, etc. due to the epidemic situation or epidemic prevention and control measures, the people's court may take it as a reference factor for determining whether the contract can be continued. 

Four.  Dealing with labor dispute cases according to law

The people’s court should strengthen coordination with the government and relevant departments to support employers to adopt flexible working methods in accordance with laws and regulations during the epidemic prevention and control period. When hearing labor dispute cases involving epidemic situations, the provisions of Article 26 of the Labor Law of the PRC and Article 40 of the Labor Contract Law of PRC shall be accurately applied. The people's court will not support the employer's claim to terminate the labor relationship only on the grounds that the worker is a confirmed COVID 19 patient, a suspected COVID 19  patient, an asymptomatic infected person, a legally quarantined person or the employee comes from a relatively serious epidemic region. Regarding the handling of relevant labor dispute cases, the people’s court should correctly understand and give reference to the policy documents formulated by the relevant administrative departments of the State Council and the provincial people's governments on proper handling of labor relations during the epidemic prevention and control period. 

Five.Application of punitive damages according to law

For businesses dealing in masks, goggles, protective clothing, disinfectant and other epidemic prevention items , as well as food and medicines,  if a situation occurs which falls within  either of Article 55 of Consumer Rights Protection Law of PRC,Article 148 (2) of the Food Safety Law of PRC, Article 144(3) of the Drug Administration Law of PRC or,  Article 15 of the Provisions of SPC on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Laws in Hearing Food and Drug Disputes,and the consumer invokes the  application of punitive damages, the people's court shall support such claims. 

Six. Suspension of the limitation period according to law

In cases where an obligee can not exercise his or her right of claim  during the last six months of the limitation period due to the epidemic situation or epidemic prevention and control measures, and the obligee invokes Article 194 (1)(a)of the General Provisions of the Civil Law of PRC for a suspension, the people’s court shall allow such suspension.

Seven. Postponement of the litigation period according to law

In cases where the time limit for litigation prescribed by law or designated by the people's court has expired due to the epidemic situation or epidemic prevention and control measures and  a party applies for an extension of the time limit in accordance with Article 83 of the Civil Procedure Law of PRC, the people's court shall take comprehensive consideration of the epidemic situation and the evidence provided by the relevant party before determining  whether to grant permission or not to protect the party's procedural rights in accordance with the law. If the relevant party is a confirmed COVID 19 patient, a suspected COVID 19 patient, an asymptomatic infected person and a related close contact, and the litigation period expires during the period of prescribed quarantine, and an application for extension under the provisions of this Article has been make, the people's court shall grant an extension of the period. 

Eight. Strengthening of  judicial assistance

If a party affected by the epidemic has real financial difficulties and applies for exemption, reduction or postponement of litigation costs, the people's court shall examine the application according to law and make decisions in a timely manner. For the court participants in actual need of judicial assistance, timely assistance measures shall be taken on applications. 

Nine. Flexible approach to preservation measures

For enterprises affected by the epidemic and in trouble, especially small and medium-sized micro-enterprises and individual industrial and commercial households, the people's courts  may take a flexible approach to litigation property preservation measures or property preservation guarantee methods to effectively reduce the burden on enterprises and help enterprises resume work and production. 

Ten. Unity of the application of the law

The people's courts at all levels should strengthen the guidance and supervision of the trial of civil cases involving epidemic situations, give full play to the role of professional judges' meetings and judicial committees, and promptly submit legal application issues involving major, difficult and complicated cases to the judicial committees for discussion and decision. The people's courts at higher levels shall strengthen the guidance to the people's courts at lower levels by issuing typical cases and other means to ensure the unification of judgment standards. 

（來源：萬邦法律）